1 00:00:06,530 --> 00:00:03,190 okay welcome to the pre-thanksgiving 2 00:00:12,459 --> 00:00:06,540 obviously astrobiology seminar today's 3 00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:12,469 speaker is Matt pathak who's Cosmo 4 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:16,470 biogeochemistry known as an 5 00:00:22,029 --> 00:00:19,170 astrobiologist obviously he's interested 6 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:22,039 in phosphorus origins of life 7 00:00:31,220 --> 00:00:26,490 meteoritics which you'll be talking 8 00:00:36,410 --> 00:00:31,230 about today he comes to us from our nasa 9 00:00:37,850 --> 00:00:36,420 astrobiology institute debt parent i 10 00:00:40,729 --> 00:00:37,860 guess you'd call them seeing they've 11 00:00:42,819 --> 00:00:40,739 sort of adopted us as being homeless 12 00:00:46,279 --> 00:00:42,829 orphans from the nasa astrobiology 13 00:00:50,420 --> 00:00:46,289 institute from the university of arizona 14 00:00:55,100 --> 00:00:50,430 department of planetary sciences he's a 15 00:00:56,810 --> 00:00:55,110 nasa post-op they're about halfway 16 00:00:59,470 --> 00:00:56,820 through his tenure and looking for a job 17 00:01:02,180 --> 00:00:59,480 if anybody knows of any jobs out there 18 00:01:06,310 --> 00:01:02,190 he was got his PhD at the same 19 00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:06,320 institution same department and 20 00:01:12,820 --> 00:01:09,750 bachelor's degree at William and Mary 21 00:01:16,490 --> 00:01:12,830 which I believe is the second oldest 22 00:01:17,899 --> 00:01:16,500 university in the United States so today 23 00:01:21,020 --> 00:01:17,909 Matt will be talking about phosphorus 24 00:01:23,330 --> 00:01:21,030 and the origin of life all right well 25 00:01:26,060 --> 00:01:23,340 thank you very much and sorry I have a 26 00:01:29,060 --> 00:01:26,070 cold right now and as a result love my 27 00:01:31,819 --> 00:01:29,070 higher frequencies are out so I'm very 28 00:01:34,940 --> 00:01:31,829 low and not this today but hopefully it 29 00:01:38,359 --> 00:01:34,950 won't be too bad so today we are talking 30 00:01:42,740 --> 00:01:38,369 about as many of the astra biological 31 00:01:44,630 --> 00:01:42,750 approaches are several is he follow the 32 00:01:46,940 --> 00:01:44,640 approaches that we see in astrobiology 33 00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:46,950 we've seen a lot of different paolo the 34 00:01:51,139 --> 00:01:48,810 approaches we have follow the carbon 35 00:01:52,969 --> 00:01:51,149 yeah follow the water followed nitrogen 36 00:01:55,550 --> 00:01:52,979 follow the energy follow the trace 37 00:01:59,120 --> 00:01:55,560 elements and naturally i have my own to 38 00:02:00,080 --> 00:01:59,130 add follow the phosphorus so today we're 39 00:02:02,090 --> 00:02:00,090 going to be talked about the element 40 00:02:04,850 --> 00:02:02,100 phosphorus phosphorus has an atomic 41 00:02:07,210 --> 00:02:04,860 number of 15 kind of way to thirty one 42 00:02:09,550 --> 00:02:07,220 percent it's only one isotope that match 43 00:02:12,700 --> 00:02:09,560 occurs and that's 31 isotope hundred 44 00:02:15,070 --> 00:02:12,710 percent of it and has most importantly 45 00:02:17,470 --> 00:02:15,080 has a spin a nuclear spin of plus 46 00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:17,480 one-half and this becomes very important 47 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:20,510 in terms of being able to observe it in 48 00:02:25,780 --> 00:02:22,730 terms of chemical environment and 49 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:25,790 understanding what goes on so phosphorus 50 00:02:29,860 --> 00:02:28,250 is also important in the historical 51 00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:29,870 chemical contests because it was the 52 00:02:34,990 --> 00:02:32,470 first element to be discovered with a 53 00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:35,000 known discovery that's hi Nick grant 54 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:36,910 right here we discovered it by 55 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:39,290 distilling a lot of different various 56 00:02:43,060 --> 00:02:41,090 human and animal waste products then 57 00:02:45,630 --> 00:02:43,070 happened to come across it during age 58 00:02:48,460 --> 00:02:45,640 processes so it was one of the first 59 00:02:52,210 --> 00:02:48,470 chemists in a process of alchemy to 60 00:02:53,530 --> 00:02:52,220 discover a new new chemical element so 61 00:02:57,240 --> 00:02:53,540 phosphorus holds a special place in 62 00:02:59,620 --> 00:02:57,250 heart of several chemists industry guard 63 00:03:01,600 --> 00:02:59,630 so here we have a couple of the 64 00:03:04,180 --> 00:03:01,610 phosphorus and biochemistry to sort of 65 00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:04,190 bring it to the astrobiology phosphorus 66 00:03:08,620 --> 00:03:06,230 is important in several biochemical 67 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:08,630 processes and perhaps is relevant to 68 00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:10,370 several days other searches for life 69 00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:12,590 elsewhere search for life the origin of 70 00:03:16,090 --> 00:03:14,570 life here on the earth and it is 71 00:03:18,130 --> 00:03:16,100 important here we have to sample 72 00:03:20,410 --> 00:03:18,140 molecules we have the metabolic molecule 73 00:03:22,570 --> 00:03:20,420 this is ATP adenosine triphosphate 74 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:22,580 there's a Dineen ribose and a tri 75 00:03:26,590 --> 00:03:24,530 phosphate group right here and this is 76 00:03:30,850 --> 00:03:26,600 the major metabolic molecule that takes 77 00:03:32,590 --> 00:03:30,860 energy from chemical reactions stores 78 00:03:34,479 --> 00:03:32,600 that by adding a phosphate group right 79 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:34,489 here or when you need to do work or 80 00:03:39,610 --> 00:03:36,650 break this phosphate group and they'll 81 00:03:41,979 --> 00:03:39,620 be move or do certain chemical reactions 82 00:03:45,670 --> 00:03:41,989 so it's one of the metabolic backbones 83 00:03:48,880 --> 00:03:45,680 of light as we know it today another one 84 00:03:51,850 --> 00:03:48,890 right here is structural molecules this 85 00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:51,860 is a phospholipid and a phospholipid has 86 00:03:57,310 --> 00:03:54,260 these nice big lipid tails two of them 87 00:03:58,840 --> 00:03:57,320 is bound to this glycerol glycerol count 88 00:04:02,080 --> 00:03:58,850 down right here as a phosphate head 89 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:02,090 group and so phosphate or phosphorus 90 00:04:07,270 --> 00:04:04,250 biomolecules are important for the 91 00:04:09,190 --> 00:04:07,280 structural membranes of cells so we see 92 00:04:12,090 --> 00:04:09,200 both medicine metabolism here and 93 00:04:15,460 --> 00:04:12,100 structure and of course the big one is 94 00:04:17,770 --> 00:04:15,470 RNA and DNA and RNA and DNA the DNA 95 00:04:18,810 --> 00:04:17,780 molecule and RNA just has an o H group 96 00:04:21,900 --> 00:04:18,820 right here in a little 97 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:21,910 nucleotides nucleobases right there and 98 00:04:26,640 --> 00:04:24,330 it consists of a phosphate sugar 99 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:26,650 backbone kind of going down so we had a 100 00:04:31,500 --> 00:04:28,570 phosphate group and then deoxyribose or 101 00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:31,510 ribose here phosphate and the sort of 102 00:04:37,860 --> 00:04:34,660 shows the relevance of phosphorus to 103 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:37,870 life and biochemistry origin la life and 104 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:40,810 how we perceive organic chemistry and 105 00:04:44,730 --> 00:04:43,330 how life came about as well this sort of 106 00:04:46,260 --> 00:04:44,740 also highlights some of the important 107 00:04:48,950 --> 00:04:46,270 features of phosphorus that make it 108 00:04:51,870 --> 00:04:48,960 critical to formation of large 109 00:04:54,780 --> 00:04:51,880 biopolymers and other things one can 110 00:04:56,610 --> 00:04:54,790 form two bridges we have a sugar bound 111 00:04:58,230 --> 00:04:56,620 to this phosphate fountain mixture and 112 00:05:00,540 --> 00:04:58,240 when it forms these two bridges you can 113 00:05:02,130 --> 00:05:00,550 still have a charge right here so we 114 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:02,140 have a nice charge right here of an oh 115 00:05:08,070 --> 00:05:06,130 minus and by keeping that charge on the 116 00:05:10,740 --> 00:05:08,080 polymer you prevent it from diffusing 117 00:05:13,230 --> 00:05:10,750 out of a membrane so that helps keep 118 00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:13,240 your your large informational polymer 119 00:05:17,250 --> 00:05:15,700 stuck in one place will be very bad if 120 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:17,260 you're a DNA what's go floating off 121 00:05:21,410 --> 00:05:19,330 outside of your cell so this helps keep 122 00:05:23,490 --> 00:05:21,420 it where it's supposed to be 123 00:05:26,100 --> 00:05:23,500 additionally it's also kinetically 124 00:05:28,050 --> 00:05:26,110 stable but don't burn am to be unstable 125 00:05:29,790 --> 00:05:28,060 if it wasn't thurman ethically unstable 126 00:05:32,190 --> 00:05:29,800 it wouldn't be useful from the metabolic 127 00:05:34,170 --> 00:05:32,200 context you wouldn't be able to take it 128 00:05:37,140 --> 00:05:34,180 and break it down and use the energy and 129 00:05:38,940 --> 00:05:37,150 then transfer energy back into it but it 130 00:05:40,770 --> 00:05:38,950 is hard to do without doing using 131 00:05:43,020 --> 00:05:40,780 enzymes this bond right here is pretty 132 00:05:46,380 --> 00:05:43,030 stable it's hard to break without using 133 00:05:48,420 --> 00:05:46,390 several specific enzymes additionally 134 00:05:50,580 --> 00:05:48,430 the phosphate group helps make these 135 00:05:52,830 --> 00:05:50,590 organic compounds much more soluble and 136 00:05:54,570 --> 00:05:52,840 by having a solid buoy allowed to do a 137 00:05:56,220 --> 00:05:54,580 lot more organic chemistry than if you 138 00:05:57,510 --> 00:05:56,230 just had this thing sort of floating 139 00:06:01,440 --> 00:05:57,520 around in solution without having this 140 00:06:03,540 --> 00:06:01,450 phosphate group so this sort of 141 00:06:06,570 --> 00:06:03,550 highlights the rarity of phosphorus life 142 00:06:08,190 --> 00:06:06,580 really likes phosphorus and like 143 00:06:10,650 --> 00:06:08,200 scavengers phosphorus here we have a 144 00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:10,660 it's a very rare but a very necessary 145 00:06:16,050 --> 00:06:13,570 element and what we have here is a table 146 00:06:17,850 --> 00:06:16,060 which shows a cosmic abundances of the 147 00:06:20,220 --> 00:06:17,860 element the biogenic elements hydrogen 148 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:20,230 oxygen carbon nitrogen sulfur and 149 00:06:26,040 --> 00:06:22,330 phosphorus and then the abundances of 150 00:06:26,850 --> 00:06:26,050 these elements in RNA and life is very 151 00:06:28,649 --> 00:06:26,860 similar to the bun 152 00:06:30,209 --> 00:06:28,659 here these are all normalized to one 153 00:06:32,429 --> 00:06:30,219 phosphorus atom so there's around about 154 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:32,439 three million hydrogen atoms in the 155 00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:36,250 cosmos treat everyone phosphorus a 1400 156 00:06:41,399 --> 00:06:38,500 oxygen and about half that for carbon 157 00:06:42,510 --> 00:06:41,409 and so on and so forth so life if you 158 00:06:44,309 --> 00:06:42,520 take a look at these numbers there's 159 00:06:47,730 --> 00:06:44,319 only ten hydrogen atoms for every 160 00:06:49,709 --> 00:06:47,740 phosphorus atom and RNA and in some sort 161 00:06:51,719 --> 00:06:49,719 of the dry weight of bacteria you see 162 00:06:53,999 --> 00:06:51,729 similar numbers a little bit more heavy 163 00:06:56,339 --> 00:06:54,009 over here but RNA specifically if we're 164 00:07:00,450 --> 00:06:56,349 going to consider this RNA world arising 165 00:07:02,999 --> 00:07:00,460 first was one of the key places to have 166 00:07:05,309 --> 00:07:03,009 phosphate so having phosphate it's one 167 00:07:06,300 --> 00:07:05,319 of the more important things so if we 168 00:07:07,619 --> 00:07:06,310 need to do is sort of a thought 169 00:07:10,290 --> 00:07:07,629 experiment going along with these 170 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:10,300 numbers kind of abstract and consider if 171 00:07:15,659 --> 00:07:13,210 people or atoms then the four people 172 00:07:18,679 --> 00:07:15,669 were atoms and population of people was 173 00:07:20,820 --> 00:07:18,689 proportional to the cosmic abundance 174 00:07:22,649 --> 00:07:20,830 Washington State has about six million 175 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:22,659 people there would be about to 176 00:07:27,269 --> 00:07:24,610 phosphorus atoms living in the whole 177 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:27,279 state so phosphorus is fairly rare and 178 00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:29,770 about maybe a hundred or so living in 179 00:07:35,939 --> 00:07:32,620 entire United States again not very many 180 00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:35,949 at about 2,000 total of the Earth's so 181 00:07:40,950 --> 00:07:38,080 very few phosphorus atoms phosphorus 182 00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:40,960 atom people living around conversely if 183 00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:43,240 this classroom were full it wasn't 184 00:07:47,850 --> 00:07:45,580 Thanksgiving time and we had and this 185 00:07:49,980 --> 00:07:47,860 classroom was an RNA molecule there 186 00:07:52,079 --> 00:07:49,990 would be three phosphorus atoms sitting 187 00:07:55,980 --> 00:07:52,089 here in the RNA molecule classroom as 188 00:07:58,409 --> 00:07:55,990 yet so life has a huge enrichment of 189 00:07:59,909 --> 00:07:58,419 phosphorus relative to the cosmos and it 190 00:08:04,890 --> 00:07:59,919 can put it this way phosphorus is a 191 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:04,900 celebrity of the cosmos and of biology 192 00:08:11,279 --> 00:08:07,810 is one of the very important elements so 193 00:08:13,379 --> 00:08:11,289 this shows that we see this as well in 194 00:08:17,010 --> 00:08:13,389 sort of the environmental context this 195 00:08:19,290 --> 00:08:17,020 is a algae bloom and when the rip when 196 00:08:20,969 --> 00:08:19,300 our creeks off of Florida and what 197 00:08:22,890 --> 00:08:20,979 happened here is that there is a lot of 198 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:22,900 fertilizer being used in the agriculture 199 00:08:27,269 --> 00:08:25,330 in this case detergent and here I'm just 200 00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:27,279 detergent detergent is loaded with 201 00:08:33,389 --> 00:08:29,919 phosphates and by introducing this very 202 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:33,399 rare element it caused a huge life a 203 00:08:37,879 --> 00:08:35,770 bloom of life to occur in these sorts of 204 00:08:41,019 --> 00:08:37,889 environments so this shorter shows 205 00:08:43,249 --> 00:08:41,029 that'd be that life in general is 206 00:08:46,579 --> 00:08:43,259 limited in part by the amount of 207 00:08:48,799 --> 00:08:46,589 phosphorus so if we consider phosphorus 208 00:08:51,470 --> 00:08:48,809 from the origin life perspective here we 209 00:08:53,869 --> 00:08:51,480 have the there are essentially two 210 00:08:55,909 --> 00:08:53,879 options for the origin of life with 211 00:08:59,150 --> 00:08:55,919 regards to phosphorus since phosphorus 212 00:09:02,179 --> 00:08:59,160 is so elementally selected so heavily in 213 00:09:03,819 --> 00:09:02,189 life and since phosphorus plays a role 214 00:09:06,369 --> 00:09:03,829 in several different metabolic 215 00:09:08,869 --> 00:09:06,379 informational replication ille 216 00:09:10,819 --> 00:09:08,879 structural molecules it's one of the 217 00:09:13,129 --> 00:09:10,829 probably one of the key biological 218 00:09:14,659 --> 00:09:13,139 elements so you can consider it in two 219 00:09:19,539 --> 00:09:14,669 ways either we had an origin like 220 00:09:24,049 --> 00:09:22,009 intentional iment and such a unreactive 221 00:09:26,689 --> 00:09:24,059 element as i'll be showing shortly but 222 00:09:29,179 --> 00:09:26,699 this is not really rectifiable with the 223 00:09:31,069 --> 00:09:29,189 biochemistry that we see today it would 224 00:09:33,979 --> 00:09:31,079 require sort of a jumping horses from a 225 00:09:35,569 --> 00:09:33,989 non phosphate phosphate using life to a 226 00:09:37,429 --> 00:09:35,579 phosphate look using life and that 227 00:09:40,669 --> 00:09:37,439 doesn't seem to rectifiable with this 228 00:09:41,989 --> 00:09:40,679 sort of parsimony of life here the other 229 00:09:44,659 --> 00:09:41,999 option is that the origin of life 230 00:09:46,369 --> 00:09:44,669 occurred with phosphorus and the 231 00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:46,379 advantages of this is this is consistent 232 00:09:51,079 --> 00:09:48,360 with modern biochemistry received as 233 00:09:53,989 --> 00:09:51,089 phosphorus molecules everywhere in the 234 00:09:56,479 --> 00:09:53,999 various molecular functions in generally 235 00:09:59,569 --> 00:09:56,489 speaking with a couple exceptions but 236 00:10:01,729 --> 00:09:59,579 this is this is inhibited by the fact 237 00:10:03,710 --> 00:10:01,739 that phosphorus is kind of rare and it's 238 00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:03,720 also fairly hard to get into organic 239 00:10:09,319 --> 00:10:07,110 solutions so if we consider what they 240 00:10:12,409 --> 00:10:09,329 roll up oestrus in the origin of life we 241 00:10:14,329 --> 00:10:12,419 should consider how phosphorus was was 242 00:10:16,669 --> 00:10:14,339 involved in sort of the prebiotic 243 00:10:18,650 --> 00:10:16,679 chemistry of the early Earth what are 244 00:10:20,720 --> 00:10:18,660 some of these plausible prebiotic 245 00:10:25,039 --> 00:10:20,730 phosphorus compounds that may have been 246 00:10:26,689 --> 00:10:25,049 in relevant to origin of life so the one 247 00:10:29,389 --> 00:10:26,699 that's commonly invoked if we looked at 248 00:10:31,549 --> 00:10:29,399 what life uses today one of the major 249 00:10:33,739 --> 00:10:31,559 phosphorus shuffling and molecules is 250 00:10:35,989 --> 00:10:33,749 ATP which we saw just recently the 251 00:10:37,879 --> 00:10:35,999 adenosine triphosphate that is in group 252 00:10:40,549 --> 00:10:37,889 right here and triphosphate right here 253 00:10:44,059 --> 00:10:40,559 however you can invoke this as one of 254 00:10:45,829 --> 00:10:44,069 the prebiotic molecules for life but the 255 00:10:47,269 --> 00:10:45,839 real important part of this molecule is 256 00:10:50,090 --> 00:10:47,279 this business end right here this 257 00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:50,100 triphosphate this is the key part of the 258 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:50,410 H 259 00:10:54,629 --> 00:10:52,569 p as far as phosphate shuffling and 260 00:10:56,519 --> 00:10:54,639 energy is concerned and this end right 261 00:10:58,980 --> 00:10:56,529 up here is just sort of a chunk left 262 00:11:02,910 --> 00:10:58,990 over from the RNA world when you had the 263 00:11:06,210 --> 00:11:02,920 RNA world of all on the pre DNA world 264 00:11:09,090 --> 00:11:06,220 DNA protein world you probably had just 265 00:11:12,420 --> 00:11:09,100 tags of this hooked on so this chunk 266 00:11:15,420 --> 00:11:12,430 right here is probably just relative who 267 00:11:17,550 --> 00:11:15,430 colleges a relict of the RNA world and 268 00:11:18,990 --> 00:11:17,560 is not really it's also very complex 269 00:11:20,850 --> 00:11:19,000 though it's hard to imagine how this 270 00:11:24,540 --> 00:11:20,860 would compound were deformed in a 271 00:11:26,490 --> 00:11:24,550 prebiotic context so for you to go sort 272 00:11:28,199 --> 00:11:26,500 of with the simple compounds of 273 00:11:31,889 --> 00:11:28,209 phosphorus that I've seen in in life 274 00:11:33,780 --> 00:11:31,899 today we have here orthophosphate which 275 00:11:36,449 --> 00:11:33,790 is one of the major phosphorus compounds 276 00:11:38,790 --> 00:11:36,459 or EC but i'm going to have several 277 00:11:40,559 --> 00:11:38,800 others we have pyrophosphates phosphorus 278 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:40,569 oxygen phosphorus compound phosphite 279 00:11:44,610 --> 00:11:42,569 which is reduced phosphorus compound 280 00:11:46,259 --> 00:11:44,620 hypophosphite which is even more reduced 281 00:11:47,550 --> 00:11:46,269 that's just because there's two 282 00:11:49,740 --> 00:11:47,560 hydrogen's bound here and then we have 283 00:11:53,009 --> 00:11:49,750 triphosphates and even longer so these 284 00:11:56,189 --> 00:11:53,019 are sort of some potential inorganic 285 00:11:58,769 --> 00:11:56,199 very simple phosphorus compounds that 286 00:12:01,110 --> 00:11:58,779 may have preceded these sorts of ATP and 287 00:12:03,990 --> 00:12:01,120 other compounds that we see in life 288 00:12:07,759 --> 00:12:04,000 today as prebiotic phosphorus compounds 289 00:12:10,559 --> 00:12:07,769 either as sources or as ultimate 290 00:12:12,389 --> 00:12:10,569 phosphate phosphorylating agents 291 00:12:14,879 --> 00:12:12,399 compounds that are capable of sticking 292 00:12:16,259 --> 00:12:14,889 phosphates onto organic compounds so 293 00:12:18,389 --> 00:12:16,269 this is sort of just what we're kind of 294 00:12:21,559 --> 00:12:18,399 aiming for as far as the pre bodycon 295 00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:21,569 text goes for what we're seeing in life 296 00:12:25,949 --> 00:12:24,130 so here's sort of just a slide this 297 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:25,959 shows a mineral called appetite right 298 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:27,610 here and this is the phosphorus 299 00:12:33,150 --> 00:12:30,370 geochemistry so what does the earth 300 00:12:35,579 --> 00:12:33,160 provide as far as phosphorus compounds 301 00:12:38,069 --> 00:12:35,589 go and the major one is called appetite 302 00:12:39,809 --> 00:12:38,079 and most of the terrestrial phosphorus 303 00:12:41,939 --> 00:12:39,819 is in the middle appetite is calcium 304 00:12:44,220 --> 00:12:41,949 phosphate especially for igneous and 305 00:12:45,900 --> 00:12:44,230 metamorphic rocks so we have igneous and 306 00:12:47,819 --> 00:12:45,910 metamorphic rocks and its predominant 307 00:12:49,799 --> 00:12:47,829 it's dominated by the mineral appetite 308 00:12:52,740 --> 00:12:49,809 right here and presumably it's dominated 309 00:12:55,199 --> 00:12:52,750 in a lot of the other terrestrial system 310 00:12:57,720 --> 00:12:55,209 are on the early Earth as well this is 311 00:12:59,370 --> 00:12:57,730 one of these simple phosphate minerals 312 00:13:02,100 --> 00:12:59,380 that forms through igneous and 313 00:13:03,840 --> 00:13:02,110 metamorphic process and problem with 314 00:13:05,910 --> 00:13:03,850 appetite is that is under 315 00:13:07,710 --> 00:13:05,920 tiff and fairly insoluble so if you 316 00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:07,720 tried to take an organic compound and 317 00:13:11,460 --> 00:13:09,850 stick it in a pot with this it wouldn't 318 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:11,470 do much of anything you would not get 319 00:13:15,509 --> 00:13:13,810 one of these organophosphorus compounds 320 00:13:18,930 --> 00:13:15,519 that are so critical to the development 321 00:13:20,639 --> 00:13:18,940 and evolution of life so this does not 322 00:13:22,740 --> 00:13:20,649 seem to work too well there's some other 323 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:22,750 options including whitlock i which is 324 00:13:28,740 --> 00:13:26,050 calcium magnesium phosphate and there's 325 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:28,750 also brew site which are potential 326 00:13:34,199 --> 00:13:31,930 sedimentary phosphates on a sort of 327 00:13:36,540 --> 00:13:34,209 early Earth environment and both of 328 00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:36,550 these are just sort of precipitates that 329 00:13:42,090 --> 00:13:39,910 form just by adding phosphate to water 330 00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:42,100 under normal pH conditions so those are 331 00:13:46,259 --> 00:13:43,990 two other options we're not too good 332 00:13:48,150 --> 00:13:46,269 either they the way you can actually get 333 00:13:50,370 --> 00:13:48,160 compounds out of these is by dehydrating 334 00:13:52,259 --> 00:13:50,380 either dehydrated of heating of 335 00:13:54,509 --> 00:13:52,269 phosphates and these tend to be local 336 00:13:56,900 --> 00:13:54,519 and extent which is a little bit not too 337 00:13:59,189 --> 00:13:56,910 good if you want to have sort of a very 338 00:14:01,050 --> 00:13:59,199 available source of phosphorus all 339 00:14:02,639 --> 00:14:01,060 across the surface of the earth so 340 00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:02,649 there's other sources of phosphorus in 341 00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:03,970 terms of geochemistry there's 342 00:14:08,129 --> 00:14:06,370 hydrothermal vents which in my thing one 343 00:14:11,129 --> 00:14:08,139 now I gotta and others show that 344 00:14:12,689 --> 00:14:11,139 hydrothermal vents release small 345 00:14:15,689 --> 00:14:12,699 concentrations micromolar concentrations 346 00:14:17,790 --> 00:14:15,699 of condensed phosphates we have immense 347 00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:17,800 posses now here the pyrophosphate and 348 00:14:23,490 --> 00:14:21,250 the triphosphate right here so in the 349 00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:23,500 vicinity of hydrothermal vents you do 350 00:14:27,990 --> 00:14:26,050 get some fairly interesting phosphorus 351 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:28,000 compounds coming out many of these 352 00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:32,610 condensed phosphates right here and 353 00:14:37,050 --> 00:14:35,110 again if you take sort of these 354 00:14:38,460 --> 00:14:37,060 phosphates so to presume that may have 355 00:14:42,689 --> 00:14:38,470 been active on the early Earth is blue 356 00:14:44,189 --> 00:14:42,699 shading and wait like I you can actually 357 00:14:45,870 --> 00:14:44,199 get these compounds for me just by 358 00:14:47,660 --> 00:14:45,880 heating them up as well but that 359 00:14:49,350 --> 00:14:47,670 requires sort of a combination of 360 00:14:51,540 --> 00:14:49,360 environments that sedimentary 361 00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:51,550 environment plus they sort of very hot 362 00:14:57,329 --> 00:14:53,170 heating one that can get rid of all the 363 00:14:59,759 --> 00:14:57,339 water as well so if we look and see on 364 00:15:01,800 --> 00:14:59,769 our checklist of simple phosphorus 365 00:15:05,009 --> 00:15:01,810 compounds that are present in life today 366 00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:05,019 and presumably worth important on the 367 00:15:10,079 --> 00:15:06,910 prebiotic context we have a lot of 368 00:15:11,820 --> 00:15:10,089 orthophosphate available to do reactions 369 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:11,830 however we have a little 370 00:15:15,690 --> 00:15:13,330 these other two compounds where the 371 00:15:17,940 --> 00:15:15,700 pyrophosphate and the triphosphate which 372 00:15:20,670 --> 00:15:17,950 both aren't very abundant except in some 373 00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:20,680 very specific conditions so these other 374 00:15:24,540 --> 00:15:23,110 compounds aren't yet present but and the 375 00:15:26,970 --> 00:15:24,550 shortest shows that perhaps the 376 00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:26,980 geochemical perspective isn't really the 377 00:15:32,280 --> 00:15:29,260 best perspective to take as far as the 378 00:15:35,060 --> 00:15:32,290 origin of phosphorus biomolecules so 379 00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:35,070 what we're going to take now is a Cosmo 380 00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:38,020 biogeochemical approach and this is a 381 00:15:42,540 --> 00:15:40,360 word I've made up completely but what it 382 00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:42,550 kind of influence it kind of means is 383 00:15:47,850 --> 00:15:45,040 how the in flaw of extraterrestrial 384 00:15:50,730 --> 00:15:47,860 material influence the geochemistry on 385 00:15:52,830 --> 00:15:50,740 the early Earth and hence influenced or 386 00:15:56,070 --> 00:15:52,840 affected the origin of life how these 387 00:15:58,350 --> 00:15:56,080 bio and geo and Cosmo chemical 388 00:16:00,270 --> 00:15:58,360 properties all sort of inter played and 389 00:16:02,220 --> 00:16:00,280 when I announced this word about half a 390 00:16:03,660 --> 00:16:02,230 year ago at a conference I said I don't 391 00:16:05,970 --> 00:16:03,670 think there's any way of fitting another 392 00:16:09,390 --> 00:16:05,980 prefix in there and someone yelled out / 393 00:16:12,930 --> 00:16:09,400 oh so here's the complete word cosmo 394 00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:12,940 proto biogeochemical system and this is 395 00:16:17,760 --> 00:16:15,570 our approach for phosphorus that again I 396 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:17,770 don't know if you another word in there 397 00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:18,970 but I'm sure that there's some way or 398 00:16:24,540 --> 00:16:22,300 another so if we take a look at the 399 00:16:27,690 --> 00:16:24,550 Cosmo chemical approach of phosphorus 400 00:16:30,270 --> 00:16:27,700 this here is a very standard Cosmo 401 00:16:32,250 --> 00:16:30,280 chemical tool called a condensation 402 00:16:35,370 --> 00:16:32,260 sequence with shortest shows what the 403 00:16:37,950 --> 00:16:35,380 the major phases predicted from 404 00:16:40,650 --> 00:16:37,960 thermodynamic equilibrium calculations 405 00:16:43,050 --> 00:16:40,660 which suggests that a specific element 406 00:16:45,540 --> 00:16:43,060 were partaken so if you were to assume 407 00:16:48,090 --> 00:16:45,550 that the solar nebula was kind of very 408 00:16:52,170 --> 00:16:48,100 spread out and just sort of cooling down 409 00:16:54,420 --> 00:16:52,180 slowly as to form solids you have for 410 00:16:56,760 --> 00:16:54,430 three different types of materials that 411 00:16:59,610 --> 00:16:56,770 phosphorus to go into down here we have 412 00:17:01,650 --> 00:16:59,620 the temperature in Kelvin axis and along 413 00:17:03,210 --> 00:17:01,660 the side we just have an abundance scale 414 00:17:05,340 --> 00:17:03,220 and its work somewhat arbitrary units 415 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:05,350 and at the highest temperatures 416 00:17:11,490 --> 00:17:08,410 phosphorus is a gaseous or a volatile 417 00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:11,500 element and will form phosphors oxide 418 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:13,690 and various phosphorous gases these 419 00:17:17,670 --> 00:17:15,490 aren't too relevant because it's hard to 420 00:17:20,070 --> 00:17:17,680 when they when you start to cool things 421 00:17:21,410 --> 00:17:20,080 down you get some other phase it's down 422 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:21,420 here at around seven 423 00:17:25,460 --> 00:17:23,730 kelvin and lower you get phosphate 424 00:17:27,140 --> 00:17:25,470 mineral so what we see on the surface of 425 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:27,150 the earth today so these are two 426 00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:31,050 relevant to sort of increasing our 427 00:17:36,050 --> 00:17:33,660 repertoire of phosphorus compounds 428 00:17:38,450 --> 00:17:36,060 available for life and organic compounds 429 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:38,460 but the center piece right here is iron 430 00:17:45,460 --> 00:17:41,250 phosphide and iron phosphide is a 431 00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:45,470 mineral known as schreiber site and 432 00:17:51,170 --> 00:17:48,510 schreiber site is a very common 433 00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:51,180 meteoritic mineral here we have a slice 434 00:17:55,730 --> 00:17:53,160 of the Brenham pallasite with a great 435 00:17:57,140 --> 00:17:55,740 big drain of shriver site in there kinda 436 00:17:59,900 --> 00:17:57,150 looks like a guy riding a horse and 437 00:18:02,870 --> 00:17:59,910 schreiber sites a very common meteoritic 438 00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:02,880 phosphorus mineral it has a boiler iron 439 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:05,280 nickel phosphide there's no oxygen in 440 00:18:10,670 --> 00:18:08,610 here it's ubiquitous in meteorites but 441 00:18:12,950 --> 00:18:10,680 if you take this mineral and place it in 442 00:18:14,870 --> 00:18:12,960 water you can imagine that this since 443 00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:14,880 there's no oxygen here or scavenge 444 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:16,710 oxygen from the environment and the fact 445 00:18:21,950 --> 00:18:18,690 it's fairly reactive it will react on 446 00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:21,960 the order of a couple percent per day or 447 00:18:26,540 --> 00:18:24,720 a week or so and it's fairly thought 448 00:18:29,180 --> 00:18:26,550 because it's thermodynamically unstable 449 00:18:30,950 --> 00:18:29,190 and perhaps if we were to take this 450 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:30,960 compound and try to do some reactive 451 00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:32,730 chemistry with it it might be more 452 00:18:38,570 --> 00:18:35,730 beneficial or more intuitively useful 453 00:18:40,460 --> 00:18:38,580 than just a simple phosphate mineral we 454 00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:40,470 gotta gather was rare on earth yes it 455 00:18:45,050 --> 00:18:42,960 does not occur on earth well it does not 456 00:18:46,850 --> 00:18:45,060 occur on the surface of the earth if you 457 00:18:48,770 --> 00:18:46,860 take a look at the Earth's abundances in 458 00:18:50,390 --> 00:18:48,780 general a majority of the phosphorus 459 00:18:53,690 --> 00:18:50,400 about ninety five percent of it fosters 460 00:18:55,310 --> 00:18:53,700 actually in the Earth's core and since 461 00:18:57,590 --> 00:18:55,320 we had differentiation occur fairly 462 00:18:59,030 --> 00:18:57,600 rapidly on the earth there's not almost 463 00:19:00,800 --> 00:18:59,040 none occurring on the surface of the 464 00:19:03,860 --> 00:19:00,810 earth today step two meteorites and a 465 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:03,870 couple other very unique environments so 466 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:06,450 if we consider this phosphorus is a very 467 00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:08,970 common meteoric mineral can we even call 468 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:11,910 this mineral prebiotic is it is it a 469 00:19:17,360 --> 00:19:14,010 very common mineral perhaps on the early 470 00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:17,370 Earth and in the answer it's not common 471 00:19:21,530 --> 00:19:19,770 as far as geochemistry is concerned 472 00:19:23,470 --> 00:19:21,540 there's very few ways of producing it 473 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:23,480 through normal geochemical proper 474 00:19:31,610 --> 00:19:27,530 processes but there are ways shooting 475 00:19:33,210 --> 00:19:31,620 through the delivery by meteorites in 476 00:19:35,399 --> 00:19:33,220 fact most of them the most 477 00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:35,409 massive meteorites or iron meteorites 478 00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:37,870 and iron meteorites are phosphorous rich 479 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:41,110 roundabout between two to twenty percent 480 00:19:45,690 --> 00:19:43,690 the volume of an iron meteorite is this 481 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:45,700 mineral Schreiber site in general and 482 00:19:51,630 --> 00:19:48,490 also small craters like the meteor 483 00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:51,640 crater and nearby Flagstaff in Arizona 484 00:19:58,260 --> 00:19:54,510 are almost all dominated by large 485 00:20:00,090 --> 00:19:58,270 meteoritic impasse these big things fall 486 00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:00,100 and they form these small craters which 487 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:01,840 are found all across the surface of the 488 00:20:06,180 --> 00:20:04,330 earth so it seems like there's lots of 489 00:20:08,460 --> 00:20:06,190 phosphorus in the form of phosphites 490 00:20:10,770 --> 00:20:08,470 coming to the surface of the earth we 491 00:20:13,380 --> 00:20:10,780 kind of had a big meteorites and then 492 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:13,390 the small impact craters as well and the 493 00:20:17,340 --> 00:20:15,610 small impact craters often have 494 00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:17,350 meteorites associated with them as well 495 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:19,840 so here's sort of just an example of 496 00:20:23,460 --> 00:20:21,490 several different types of meteorites 497 00:20:26,039 --> 00:20:23,470 some nice pictures of meteorites with 498 00:20:29,610 --> 00:20:26,049 phosphide circled in all of them just 499 00:20:31,860 --> 00:20:29,620 show that phosphides are very common in 500 00:20:33,630 --> 00:20:31,870 the iron meteorites we have some of 501 00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:33,640 these 180s and these are just various 502 00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:36,580 classifications of iron meteorites and 503 00:20:41,460 --> 00:20:39,970 fossilize are very common in the irony 504 00:20:42,930 --> 00:20:41,470 right and you can see that this one 505 00:20:45,630 --> 00:20:42,940 right here this is actually around about 506 00:20:47,310 --> 00:20:45,640 twenty percent on average is this 507 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:47,320 mineral schreiber site so it's very 508 00:20:53,549 --> 00:20:51,210 common in some of the iron meteorites 509 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:53,559 additionally there's some phosphorus at 510 00:20:57,930 --> 00:20:55,690 some of these other types of meteorites 511 00:21:00,240 --> 00:20:57,940 this is the gorgeous slice of the fukang 512 00:21:02,850 --> 00:21:00,250 pallasite you see these nice olivene 513 00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:02,860 grains and a thumb for scale this occurs 514 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:04,000 in the thumbnail but that's not why I 515 00:21:08,399 --> 00:21:06,250 found them sell and you can see the nice 516 00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:08,409 i living arrangement right up on sort of 517 00:21:14,610 --> 00:21:12,460 a North corner you see a nice screen or 518 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:14,620 Schreiber site so the Schreiber sites a 519 00:21:17,970 --> 00:21:16,450 very common constituent even of these 520 00:21:20,580 --> 00:21:17,980 sorts of other types of meteorites is 521 00:21:22,380 --> 00:21:20,590 the policy TT right and so you can see 522 00:21:24,450 --> 00:21:22,390 that it's a fairly common constituent of 523 00:21:26,159 --> 00:21:24,460 these two different types of meteorites 524 00:21:29,159 --> 00:21:26,169 talked about the irons and the stony 525 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:29,169 irons here additionally it's also found 526 00:21:33,090 --> 00:21:30,970 a number of different other types of 527 00:21:35,810 --> 00:21:33,100 phases we have it fairly common this is 528 00:21:37,980 --> 00:21:35,820 an elemental map of a cons right and 529 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:37,990 cons rights actually have around about 530 00:21:42,670 --> 00:21:39,490 ten percent of the phosphorus in 531 00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:42,680 chondrites is in an Schreiber site and 532 00:21:46,540 --> 00:21:44,330 can't really see it too well here but 533 00:21:48,220 --> 00:21:46,550 the blue backs right here are actually 534 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:48,230 schreiber site and then we have the 535 00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:50,810 purple are the kalsa the appetite and a 536 00:21:55,660 --> 00:21:53,600 couple others as well additionally for 537 00:21:57,820 --> 00:21:55,670 the majority of the material that falls 538 00:21:59,320 --> 00:21:57,830 to the surface of the year today is in 539 00:22:01,510 --> 00:21:59,330 the form of interplanetary dust 540 00:22:04,030 --> 00:22:01,520 particles and the interplanetary dust 541 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:04,040 particles are micro meteorites there's 542 00:22:09,580 --> 00:22:06,290 been three reports of phosphorous 543 00:22:12,460 --> 00:22:09,590 minerals in these materials and two of 544 00:22:13,660 --> 00:22:12,470 these are IDPs and one of those was a 545 00:22:15,550 --> 00:22:13,670 phosphite and the other words a 546 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:15,560 phosphate and then there was a report 547 00:22:20,770 --> 00:22:17,810 very recently released on built two 548 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:20,780 samples from Stardust which had a report 549 00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:22,850 of Schreiber site in the Stardust sample 550 00:22:27,070 --> 00:22:24,890 so comment seemed to have Schreiber site 551 00:22:30,070 --> 00:22:27,080 as well and even some micro meteorites 552 00:22:32,140 --> 00:22:30,080 collected all the Hubble telescope panes 553 00:22:34,390 --> 00:22:32,150 were enriched in Schreiber site so we 554 00:22:36,730 --> 00:22:34,400 see Schreiber site in the only small 555 00:22:38,350 --> 00:22:36,740 material as well so there seems to be a 556 00:22:42,790 --> 00:22:38,360 lot of phosphorous falling to the 557 00:22:44,350 --> 00:22:42,800 surface of the earth and here's sort of 558 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:44,360 the early picture of the early Earth 559 00:22:49,150 --> 00:22:47,330 kind of taken from encarta here and we 560 00:22:51,010 --> 00:22:49,160 see all these things falling to the 561 00:22:53,290 --> 00:22:51,020 surface of the earth in sort of a very 562 00:22:55,300 --> 00:22:53,300 wet environment and this sort of shows 563 00:22:58,660 --> 00:22:55,310 that the early Earth was probably fairly 564 00:22:59,770 --> 00:22:58,670 different than what we have the picture 565 00:23:01,510 --> 00:22:59,780 that we have of the early Earth is 566 00:23:03,730 --> 00:23:01,520 different the present day earth and 567 00:23:11,110 --> 00:23:03,740 these meteorites are all falling and 568 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:11,120 this has a net result of here we have a 569 00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:13,450 calculation presented in this paper in 570 00:23:18,340 --> 00:23:15,710 origin of life evolution of biospheres 571 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:18,350 online now where we calculate among 572 00:23:23,230 --> 00:23:21,530 between the flux of extra material of 573 00:23:25,090 --> 00:23:23,240 carbon nitrogen and phosphorus and for 574 00:23:27,070 --> 00:23:25,100 the phosphorus you have a lot of 575 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:27,080 phosphorus falling to the early Earth 576 00:23:32,980 --> 00:23:30,290 between 10 to 15 and 10 to 18 kilograms 577 00:23:37,350 --> 00:23:32,990 of reduced phosphorus falling to the 578 00:23:46,180 --> 00:23:43,570 excuse me so in this this earlier this 579 00:23:49,660 --> 00:23:46,190 massive flux of reduced phosphorus if 580 00:23:51,460 --> 00:23:49,670 you assume the present day volume of the 581 00:23:55,630 --> 00:23:51,470 ocean you would have had 582 00:23:57,760 --> 00:23:55,640 around about 10 micromolar to 10 milli 583 00:24:00,880 --> 00:23:57,770 molar concentration others reduce 584 00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:00,890 phosphorus in the early Earth ocean so 585 00:24:05,169 --> 00:24:02,570 there's a lot of reduced phosphorus 586 00:24:07,299 --> 00:24:05,179 potentially in the early Earth ocean so 587 00:24:10,539 --> 00:24:07,309 what happens to this phase when we take 588 00:24:12,789 --> 00:24:10,549 it and add it to water so here's a 589 00:24:15,779 --> 00:24:12,799 description of some of the experiments I 590 00:24:19,120 --> 00:24:15,789 did as part of my graduate thesis Anakin 591 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:19,130 continuing to do a little bit as well to 592 00:24:24,549 --> 00:24:22,010 present day and that is to take this 593 00:24:35,980 --> 00:24:24,559 phosphide mineral and reacted in water 594 00:24:38,740 --> 00:24:35,990 and this phosphide mineral we actually 595 00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:38,750 took a sample of the same Chan pallasite 596 00:24:44,529 --> 00:24:41,570 and these were some shavings of the same 597 00:24:47,230 --> 00:24:44,539 Chen pallasite and placed them in water 598 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:47,240 and by placing water we also controlled 599 00:24:50,860 --> 00:24:49,010 the atmosphere the temperature the pH 600 00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:50,870 and many other solution chemistry as 601 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:53,150 well and then analyzed these things by 602 00:24:59,200 --> 00:24:55,010 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 603 00:25:01,210 --> 00:24:59,210 it's not a technique typically used in G 604 00:25:03,010 --> 00:25:01,220 ok the geosciences so I'm going to 605 00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:03,020 provide us brief outline of what this 606 00:25:09,580 --> 00:25:06,730 does in as far as a chemical technique 607 00:25:12,159 --> 00:25:09,590 phosphorus is a nucleus that has a spin 608 00:25:14,289 --> 00:25:12,169 and when it has a spin that means it has 609 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:14,299 a preferred direction in the magnetic 610 00:25:19,149 --> 00:25:16,850 field so you take your sample you place 611 00:25:20,770 --> 00:25:19,159 it in the magnetic field and then 612 00:25:23,260 --> 00:25:20,780 there's a slight energy difference 613 00:25:26,039 --> 00:25:23,270 between one preferred spin spin state 614 00:25:29,260 --> 00:25:26,049 and the other and when you have these 615 00:25:31,930 --> 00:25:29,270 spin States relax when you hit them with 616 00:25:34,149 --> 00:25:31,940 a radio post then when they relax they 617 00:25:36,460 --> 00:25:34,159 release energy and this energy is a 618 00:25:39,340 --> 00:25:36,470 specific frequency and you can compare 619 00:25:45,549 --> 00:25:39,350 this frequency to a standard frequency 620 00:25:49,390 --> 00:25:45,559 and the deviation ok all right well the 621 00:25:53,470 --> 00:25:49,400 deviation of peak frequencies will give 622 00:25:55,299 --> 00:25:53,480 you the compound identity or given 623 00:25:57,580 --> 00:25:55,309 phosphorus compounds what we have here 624 00:26:01,270 --> 00:25:57,590 is the NMR spectrum and along this 625 00:26:03,710 --> 00:26:01,280 bottom axis is the deviation of peak 626 00:26:06,409 --> 00:26:03,720 frequency from a standard free 627 00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:06,419 in this case zero parts per million so 628 00:26:10,970 --> 00:26:08,570 what we have is right here this is 629 00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:10,980 specific phosphorus compounds that were 630 00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:29,730 I right back okay am I Heath and 631 00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:30,880 additionally when you take these 632 00:26:37,310 --> 00:26:34,330 phosphorus compounds and place them with 633 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:37,320 a organic solution you will get some 634 00:26:41,299 --> 00:26:39,010 organophosphorus compounds that are 635 00:26:43,289 --> 00:26:41,309 being produced on the organic of 636 00:26:45,120 --> 00:26:43,299 organophosphorus compounds are the 637 00:26:47,730 --> 00:26:45,130 compounds that we are are especially 638 00:26:49,620 --> 00:26:47,740 relevant to origin of life studies what 639 00:26:51,240 --> 00:26:49,630 we have here are some of these compounds 640 00:26:53,490 --> 00:26:51,250 which reported in this paper and 641 00:26:56,010 --> 00:26:53,500 geochemical cosmic chemica acta where we 642 00:26:58,740 --> 00:26:56,020 have these carbon phosphorus bonds that 643 00:27:01,620 --> 00:26:58,750 are being formed just by placing in this 644 00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:01,630 case acetate in with this Schreiber site 645 00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:03,370 and you actually do form some carbon 646 00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:05,710 phosphorus compounds and you also form 647 00:27:09,120 --> 00:27:07,510 additionally some carbon oxygen 648 00:27:12,210 --> 00:27:09,130 phosphorus compounds which are what we 649 00:27:15,659 --> 00:27:12,220 see a majority of in the life today so 650 00:27:18,270 --> 00:27:15,669 this miracle mineral does seem to have 651 00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:18,280 some of the abilities that wouldn't 652 00:27:22,529 --> 00:27:20,140 suggest it it's very important in the 653 00:27:26,880 --> 00:27:22,539 prebiotic context as far as phosphorus 654 00:27:28,890 --> 00:27:26,890 sources for these organic compounds so 655 00:27:30,779 --> 00:27:28,900 it does seem to these concentrations 656 00:27:32,130 --> 00:27:30,789 aren't to hide is running about three 657 00:27:34,260 --> 00:27:32,140 percent of the total dissolved 658 00:27:36,779 --> 00:27:34,270 phosphorus was in these organic 659 00:27:38,850 --> 00:27:36,789 compounds but it does suggest that there 660 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:38,860 is some reactive capability of these 661 00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:43,090 compounds in this case it was part of 662 00:27:48,510 --> 00:27:45,250 the solution so it was just a solution 663 00:27:50,730 --> 00:27:48,520 of acetate and water so it wasn't what 664 00:27:52,710 --> 00:27:50,740 is trying to get results with carbon and 665 00:27:57,750 --> 00:27:52,720 phosphorus in them you see a preference 666 00:27:59,430 --> 00:27:57,760 for oxygen carbon there is definitely a 667 00:28:01,980 --> 00:27:59,440 preference in this case for the carbon 668 00:28:04,529 --> 00:28:01,990 phosphorus ponds as opposed to the 669 00:28:06,990 --> 00:28:04,539 phosphorous oxygen carbon bond so there 670 00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:07,000 is a preference for carbon phosphorus in 671 00:28:11,490 --> 00:28:09,610 this system which has it means that it's 672 00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:11,500 probably not completely the whole story 673 00:28:14,669 --> 00:28:13,210 as far as phosphorus for the origin of 674 00:28:18,659 --> 00:28:14,679 life but that's a really good question 675 00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:18,669 there so how these compounds formed 676 00:28:22,529 --> 00:28:20,110 again this is from this paper what we 677 00:28:25,350 --> 00:28:22,539 have here is sort of a very schematic 678 00:28:27,419 --> 00:28:25,360 diagram of radical chemistry and radical 679 00:28:29,190 --> 00:28:27,429 is not really a leftist or itís or 680 00:28:32,159 --> 00:28:29,200 anything of that but it just means in 681 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:32,169 this case with an unpaired electron and 682 00:28:36,539 --> 00:28:33,850 what we have here are two radicals we 683 00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:36,549 have an acetyl radical on the left-hand 684 00:28:39,750 --> 00:28:37,240 side 685 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:39,760 and a fuss fighting radical on the right 686 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:42,850 hand side and both these compounds have 687 00:28:46,530 --> 00:28:45,010 are presumably may have had a free 688 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:46,540 electron this one probably came about 689 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:48,730 through some reaction later on the 690 00:28:54,090 --> 00:28:51,010 solution but when the phosphide prudes 691 00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:54,100 it forms this fuss fight radical and 692 00:28:59,400 --> 00:28:56,410 when two radicals come together they 693 00:29:01,260 --> 00:28:59,410 form a chemical bond very easily because 694 00:29:03,570 --> 00:29:01,270 these free electrons are highly 695 00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:03,580 energetic state so this is probably how 696 00:29:07,230 --> 00:29:04,990 you get these sort of carbon phosphorus 697 00:29:09,150 --> 00:29:07,240 ponds just by having this carbon with a 698 00:29:11,430 --> 00:29:09,160 radical and a phosphorus kind of coming 699 00:29:13,230 --> 00:29:11,440 together and forming these carbon 700 00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:13,240 phosphorus organophosphorus compounds 701 00:29:20,340 --> 00:29:17,110 very easily so the relevance of 702 00:29:22,950 --> 00:29:20,350 Schreiber site to the early Earth these 703 00:29:25,910 --> 00:29:22,960 simple experiments to suggests that the 704 00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:25,920 phosphide was probably a very major 705 00:29:31,170 --> 00:29:28,510 constituent of the earlier based on the 706 00:29:33,150 --> 00:29:31,180 flux calculations and based on the 707 00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:33,160 reactivity of this compound of this 708 00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:35,710 compound in water so if you take this 709 00:29:39,570 --> 00:29:37,120 compound you a form a couple other 710 00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:39,580 compounds as well I am fortunate with 711 00:29:43,830 --> 00:29:42,130 heart and slided missed but there's a 712 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:43,840 number of different varieties of 713 00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:46,570 compounds that can be produced using 714 00:29:52,260 --> 00:29:49,690 Schreiber site in this in this context 715 00:29:56,280 --> 00:29:52,270 so additional changes may have occurred 716 00:29:58,470 --> 00:29:56,290 on the early Earth so if we take the 717 00:30:00,660 --> 00:29:58,480 shriver site and reacted this is was one 718 00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:00,670 of my collaborators who did this 719 00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:02,260 presented that worked where he took 720 00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:04,510 Schreiber site and reacted it under UV 721 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:06,850 light he was actually able to get this 722 00:30:11,790 --> 00:30:09,210 highly reduced form of oestrus called 723 00:30:13,980 --> 00:30:11,800 hypophosphite and this has a phosphorous 724 00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:13,990 hydrogen hydrogen bond so that this is 725 00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:15,610 one of the compounds those very easily 726 00:30:19,980 --> 00:30:17,710 produced just by taking this compound 727 00:30:22,650 --> 00:30:19,990 and reacting under water under UV light 728 00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:22,660 so this is plausibly formed on the early 729 00:30:27,980 --> 00:30:24,490 Earth and we have a structure right here 730 00:30:30,210 --> 00:30:27,990 and you take this compound Plus this 731 00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:30,220 phosphite compound which is as this 732 00:30:35,310 --> 00:30:32,470 again has a phosphorous hydrogen bond a 733 00:30:37,230 --> 00:30:35,320 reduced form of phosphorous and assume 734 00:30:40,140 --> 00:30:37,240 that they were say prevalent all across 735 00:30:41,970 --> 00:30:40,150 the ocean or on a narrow in a small lake 736 00:30:44,340 --> 00:30:41,980 or something like that and the impact 737 00:30:46,770 --> 00:30:44,350 Lake perhaps you take these reduced 738 00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:46,780 forms of phosphorus and there's a couple 739 00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:49,190 properties of these that are making avin 740 00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:51,710 pages consider as primary sources of 741 00:30:56,890 --> 00:30:54,650 phosphorus for the evolution of life one 742 00:30:58,630 --> 00:30:56,900 they're much more soluble than phosphate 743 00:31:01,000 --> 00:30:58,640 by about a factor of thousand for his 744 00:31:02,710 --> 00:31:01,010 first one about two million for the 745 00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:02,720 second so they're much more readily 746 00:31:09,960 --> 00:31:05,450 available in many of the early Earth 747 00:31:11,710 --> 00:31:09,970 ocean environments excuse me 748 00:31:13,990 --> 00:31:11,720 additionally they're much more reactive 749 00:31:17,170 --> 00:31:14,000 in several situations you can get these 750 00:31:18,910 --> 00:31:17,180 things and organic chemistry's persist 751 00:31:21,070 --> 00:31:18,920 participate in several different 752 00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:21,080 reactions not going to any right now 753 00:31:25,810 --> 00:31:22,910 because that's part of my collaborators 754 00:31:28,210 --> 00:31:25,820 work but it's a license to say that 755 00:31:30,850 --> 00:31:28,220 these are very reactive compared to 756 00:31:32,650 --> 00:31:30,860 regular terrestrial orthophosphate so 757 00:31:35,530 --> 00:31:32,660 there's a lot more potential for these 758 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:35,540 compounds to do things however and 759 00:31:41,710 --> 00:31:38,090 despite the reactivity with first 760 00:31:45,940 --> 00:31:41,720 compound is phosphite HP 03 is much more 761 00:31:48,160 --> 00:31:45,950 stable than might be assumed for reduced 762 00:31:50,830 --> 00:31:48,170 phosphorus because in order to break 763 00:31:53,170 --> 00:31:50,840 this phosphorus hydrogen bond requires a 764 00:31:56,020 --> 00:31:53,180 fair bit of energy and you need a fairly 765 00:32:00,880 --> 00:31:56,030 strong oxidant as well and in the case 766 00:32:03,340 --> 00:32:00,890 of phosphite on the early Earth given 767 00:32:05,770 --> 00:32:03,350 some simple calculations these are just 768 00:32:09,460 --> 00:32:05,780 using a kinetic calculator you can take 769 00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:09,470 the pressure of reductants on in the 770 00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:12,320 early Earth environment this bottom axis 771 00:32:17,140 --> 00:32:14,330 here is the log 10 pressure of hydrogen 772 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:17,150 in the early earth atmosphere and this 773 00:32:25,390 --> 00:32:23,090 on the y-axis is the is the the estimate 774 00:32:28,390 --> 00:32:25,400 of the oceanic half-life for the 775 00:32:31,810 --> 00:32:28,400 oxidation of this compound so and these 776 00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:31,820 these are in log 10 base years so what 777 00:32:36,610 --> 00:32:33,650 we have is sort of this narrow range 778 00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:36,620 where under fairly moderately reducing 779 00:32:41,350 --> 00:32:38,960 environments you can get lifetimes on 780 00:32:43,690 --> 00:32:41,360 the order of a billion hundred million 781 00:32:46,180 --> 00:32:43,700 two billion years so if you had this 782 00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:46,190 compound delivered to the early Earth it 783 00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:48,080 could have persisted around provided 784 00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:50,450 that the oxidant swore to abundant which 785 00:32:53,410 --> 00:32:51,710 is what you might have estimate from 786 00:32:55,840 --> 00:32:53,420 depending on your atmospheric condition 787 00:32:59,920 --> 00:32:55,850 so perhaps this reduced phosphorus 788 00:33:00,840 --> 00:32:59,930 accumulated on the early Earth and even 789 00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:00,850 if it didn't take you 790 00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:03,610 has some very interesting other chemical 791 00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:05,110 reactions that it can participate it 792 00:33:09,990 --> 00:33:08,050 this one is a very recent work some work 793 00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:10,000 at that's in prep right now but what we 794 00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:11,770 did was we took these reduce phosphorus 795 00:33:16,590 --> 00:33:14,410 in this case hypophosphite or phosphite 796 00:33:21,660 --> 00:33:16,600 and using fairly low concentrations 797 00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:21,670 oxidized them by hydrogen peroxide type 798 00:33:24,750 --> 00:33:23,440 system about taking a hydrogen peroxide 799 00:33:27,090 --> 00:33:24,760 and mixing it with a little bit of 800 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:27,100 catalyst you can actually get the 801 00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:30,010 oxidation can promote the oxidation of 802 00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:32,710 these compounds and when you do you get 803 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:34,690 as you might expect a majority of the 804 00:33:38,070 --> 00:33:36,490 oxidized phosphorus in this case 805 00:33:41,210 --> 00:33:38,080 phosphate here's some starting out bound 806 00:33:43,290 --> 00:33:41,220 but you get substantial amount of 807 00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:43,300 condensed phosphates here at 808 00:33:46,890 --> 00:33:45,130 pyrophosphate and even further down a 809 00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:46,900 small piece right here then blown up 810 00:33:51,270 --> 00:33:48,850 right here this is triphosphate and 811 00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:51,280 perhaps even some tri meta phosphate so 812 00:33:54,810 --> 00:33:52,930 we're forming on the very simple 813 00:33:57,030 --> 00:33:54,820 conditions using this reduced phosphorus 814 00:33:59,160 --> 00:33:57,040 just oxidizing it under fairly simple 815 00:34:01,820 --> 00:33:59,170 conditions you can form condensed 816 00:34:05,580 --> 00:34:01,830 phosphates from this sort of system so 817 00:34:08,010 --> 00:34:05,590 to bring this back to what reduced 818 00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:08,020 phosphorus can do as far as our simple 819 00:34:13,260 --> 00:34:10,570 prebiotic phosphorus compounds we can 820 00:34:15,210 --> 00:34:13,270 form the hope of the whole shebang here 821 00:34:16,860 --> 00:34:15,220 for your phosphorus can get the fourth 822 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:16,870 of phosphate from the schreiber citing 823 00:34:20,730 --> 00:34:18,850 it these condensed phosphates by 824 00:34:23,670 --> 00:34:20,740 oxidizing the reduced forms of 825 00:34:25,740 --> 00:34:23,680 phosphorus which are so major forms of 826 00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:25,750 the phosphorus so that it seems like the 827 00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:27,820 amount of reactive possibilities are 828 00:34:36,270 --> 00:34:30,810 much larger with this Schreiber's site 829 00:34:38,070 --> 00:34:36,280 and meteoritic forms a phosphorus so how 830 00:34:40,070 --> 00:34:38,080 is this even relevant is this even 831 00:34:42,690 --> 00:34:40,080 relevant to what we see in sort of 832 00:34:44,970 --> 00:34:42,700 biochemistry today I show these simple 833 00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:44,980 phosphorus compounds and are these 834 00:34:49,620 --> 00:34:47,110 compounds if life developed shortly 835 00:34:52,860 --> 00:34:49,630 after or the Layton lavar in their heavy 836 00:34:55,410 --> 00:34:52,870 Mubarak period could be oceanic p have 837 00:34:58,020 --> 00:34:55,420 been controlled by reduced postures 838 00:35:00,410 --> 00:34:58,030 compounds and if so is this what we see 839 00:35:03,240 --> 00:35:00,420 in life today so I'm going to show some 840 00:35:05,010 --> 00:35:03,250 microbiology examples that suggests 841 00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:05,020 there's some of these simple phosphorus 842 00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:06,610 compounds that are produced very readily 843 00:35:11,790 --> 00:35:09,760 from this meteoritic source of 844 00:35:14,340 --> 00:35:11,800 phosphorus may in fact be 845 00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:14,350 used in some ancient organisms and this 846 00:35:19,830 --> 00:35:17,170 is what we're seeing for one the 847 00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:19,840 biochemistry the biochemistry of oceans 848 00:35:25,980 --> 00:35:23,530 is fairly largely influenced by reduced 849 00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:25,990 phosphorus species we have here is an 850 00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:29,770 NMR spectrum of sort of just goo taken 851 00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:31,480 from the ocean and then analyzed by 852 00:35:36,810 --> 00:35:33,970 again by NMR and there's a substantial 853 00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:36,820 peak around about twenty percent is in 854 00:35:40,740 --> 00:35:39,370 this organic phosphonate compound and 855 00:35:42,930 --> 00:35:40,750 phosphonate compounds have this 856 00:35:45,990 --> 00:35:42,940 phosphorous carbon bond which is what we 857 00:35:47,910 --> 00:35:46,000 see that it is easily produced just by 858 00:35:50,130 --> 00:35:47,920 taking the phosphide and every acting 859 00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:50,140 with organics so things as though there 860 00:35:55,650 --> 00:35:52,570 is a phosphorous carbon bond which is 861 00:35:58,040 --> 00:35:55,660 not very common in oceanic phosphorus 862 00:36:00,210 --> 00:35:58,050 chemistry it's not just simple phosphate 863 00:36:01,950 --> 00:36:00,220 organophosphorus chemistry around about 864 00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:01,960 twenty percent of the oceanic organic 865 00:36:06,450 --> 00:36:04,150 phosphorus is as phosphonate a five 866 00:36:08,130 --> 00:36:06,460 percent of soil organic phosphorus it's 867 00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:08,140 phosphonates and it's and these 868 00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:09,760 phosphates are found in nearly all 869 00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:11,710 organisms that have ever been analyzed 870 00:36:15,810 --> 00:36:13,930 including humans it's using some of our 871 00:36:17,580 --> 00:36:15,820 heart tissue and it's probably just a 872 00:36:19,170 --> 00:36:17,590 dietary thing we eat things and make it 873 00:36:22,380 --> 00:36:19,180 but it's still interesting to see it 874 00:36:25,910 --> 00:36:22,390 everywhere additionally we see this 875 00:36:28,860 --> 00:36:25,920 reduced phosphorus in the in some 876 00:36:31,380 --> 00:36:28,870 microbiological reactions we have here 877 00:36:33,390 --> 00:36:31,390 student homeless deuteride which takes 878 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:33,400 which can take inorganic reduce 879 00:36:38,340 --> 00:36:35,410 phosphorus in this case phosphide and 880 00:36:40,980 --> 00:36:38,350 hypophosphite and use them as phosphorus 881 00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:40,990 sources for the formation of 882 00:36:46,410 --> 00:36:43,210 organophosphorus compounds so there 883 00:36:48,210 --> 00:36:46,420 seems to be a microbiological use for 884 00:36:51,540 --> 00:36:48,220 these forms of compounds neither these 885 00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:51,550 compounds are formed under typical early 886 00:36:55,770 --> 00:36:53,710 earth or modern earth or even early 887 00:36:58,020 --> 00:36:55,780 Earth environments so it seems like 888 00:37:02,220 --> 00:36:58,030 there is a microbial use for these 889 00:37:05,070 --> 00:37:02,230 compounds organism called when the 890 00:37:07,220 --> 00:37:05,080 sulfur bacteria which pops the toxins 891 00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:07,230 which uses reduced phosphorus and 892 00:37:14,130 --> 00:37:11,290 orthophosphate as its electron oxidated 893 00:37:16,890 --> 00:37:14,140 reductive couple so it seems like just a 894 00:37:19,100 --> 00:37:16,900 fair bit of microbiology that uses a 895 00:37:22,050 --> 00:37:19,110 reduced phosphorus despite the fact 896 00:37:22,380 --> 00:37:22,060 there is no real easy way of forming 897 00:37:25,109 --> 00:37:22,390 these 898 00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:25,119 a geochemical system it's only through a 899 00:37:29,970 --> 00:37:27,490 Cosmo chemical and Cosmo geochemical 900 00:37:32,460 --> 00:37:29,980 system so perhaps life retains the 901 00:37:34,140 --> 00:37:32,470 membrane of the early Earth conditions 902 00:37:39,150 --> 00:37:34,150 and that's what we're seeing in this 903 00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:39,160 microbiology today additionally we have 904 00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:41,410 here there's a substantial amount of 905 00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:43,210 biochemistry that goes on with these 906 00:37:47,940 --> 00:37:45,490 simple compounds we saw that this 907 00:37:49,859 --> 00:37:47,950 pyrophosphate compound is foreign very 908 00:37:53,309 --> 00:37:49,869 easily just during the oxidation of 909 00:37:55,349 --> 00:37:53,319 these reduced phosphorus species in on 910 00:37:56,819 --> 00:37:55,359 the early Earth either just by the 911 00:37:58,200 --> 00:37:56,829 production of hydrogen peroxide in the 912 00:38:00,390 --> 00:37:58,210 atmosphere and in the rain out and then 913 00:38:01,980 --> 00:38:00,400 forming these knots dialing the reduced 914 00:38:04,859 --> 00:38:01,990 phosphorus you inform this pyrophosphate 915 00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:04,869 very easily around thirty percent levels 916 00:38:09,839 --> 00:38:07,630 so if you take this pyrophosphate it's 917 00:38:14,250 --> 00:38:09,849 actually used by a number of archaea and 918 00:38:18,059 --> 00:38:14,260 bacteria as well to take pyrophosphate 919 00:38:20,940 --> 00:38:18,069 and use it in place of ATP in several 920 00:38:23,519 --> 00:38:20,950 key biochemical reactions and ATP is 921 00:38:25,230 --> 00:38:23,529 this sort of generic metabolic 922 00:38:27,029 --> 00:38:25,240 phosphorus molecule yet in some of these 923 00:38:28,620 --> 00:38:27,039 proton pumps and there's some of these 924 00:38:30,809 --> 00:38:28,630 other phosphorylating reactions 925 00:38:33,059 --> 00:38:30,819 pyrophosphate and some simpler 926 00:38:35,309 --> 00:38:33,069 phosphates can actually substitute very 927 00:38:37,710 --> 00:38:35,319 well and very easily this here is one of 928 00:38:40,079 --> 00:38:37,720 these of pyrophosphate proton pumps and 929 00:38:43,170 --> 00:38:40,089 it's actually more simple and easy to 930 00:38:45,779 --> 00:38:43,180 form than the ATP equivalent ETP 931 00:38:48,269 --> 00:38:45,789 phosphate proton pumps so it seems like 932 00:38:50,579 --> 00:38:48,279 there is a use in some of these ancient 933 00:38:52,769 --> 00:38:50,589 organisms for the even simpler form 934 00:38:55,259 --> 00:38:52,779 which made in proud the lint on the 935 00:38:59,190 --> 00:38:55,269 early Earth so perhaps this 936 00:39:01,680 --> 00:38:59,200 pyrophosphate preceded ATP in the origin 937 00:39:04,460 --> 00:39:01,690 and development of early life so to 938 00:39:06,990 --> 00:39:04,470 summarize phosphorus was scavenged is 939 00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:07,000 scavenged in environments today it was 940 00:39:11,759 --> 00:39:08,910 it is one of the critical elements and 941 00:39:14,460 --> 00:39:11,769 it's the celebrity of the biochemical 942 00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:14,470 world but maybe that was not the case on 943 00:39:18,660 --> 00:39:15,910 the early Earth maybe the early Earth 944 00:39:21,599 --> 00:39:18,670 was enriched in this reduced phosphorus 945 00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:21,609 in the oceans and rich in these other 946 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:24,490 compounds and perhaps that is what life 947 00:39:28,980 --> 00:39:26,410 today uses phosphate because it was so 948 00:39:31,769 --> 00:39:28,990 abundant and got sort of incorporated 949 00:39:33,779 --> 00:39:31,779 into the early organisms so schreiber 950 00:39:34,950 --> 00:39:33,789 site is in the abundant constituent of 951 00:39:37,140 --> 00:39:34,960 meteorites and other X 952 00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:37,150 treasure material and we take this in 953 00:39:41,580 --> 00:39:39,550 uniform organic phosphorus compounds can 954 00:39:42,810 --> 00:39:41,590 form these reduced phosphorus compounds 955 00:39:44,730 --> 00:39:42,820 as well these inorganic reduce 956 00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:44,740 phosphorus compounds and we see that 957 00:39:49,530 --> 00:39:47,170 microbes are using them today so to 958 00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:49,540 conclude meteorites are perhaps highly 959 00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:51,970 relevant in the origin of life and not 960 00:39:56,340 --> 00:39:53,710 just from the carbonaceous chondrite 961 00:39:58,650 --> 00:39:56,350 perspective perhaps a lot of the other 962 00:39:59,970 --> 00:39:58,660 material contributed in terms of 963 00:40:02,670 --> 00:39:59,980 Schreiber site and all these reduced 964 00:40:03,690 --> 00:40:02,680 phosphorus piece as well and brass is 965 00:40:06,540 --> 00:40:03,700 high flux during the late heavy 966 00:40:08,340 --> 00:40:06,550 bombardment this putative late heavy 967 00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:08,350 bombardment period may have introduced a 968 00:40:13,530 --> 00:40:10,810 lot of the Swedish phosphorus to the 969 00:40:16,140 --> 00:40:13,540 surface of the year in New York so the 970 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:16,150 early years biogeochemistry perhaps was 971 00:40:21,840 --> 00:40:18,010 substantially different in the case of 972 00:40:24,420 --> 00:40:21,850 phosphorus by the effect of reduced 973 00:40:26,070 --> 00:40:24,430 phosphorus species and finally perhaps 974 00:40:28,410 --> 00:40:26,080 the development of life was this 975 00:40:30,390 --> 00:40:28,420 dependent on this source of reduced 976 00:40:57,840 --> 00:40:30,400 phosphorus if phosphorus was important 977 00:40:59,880 --> 00:40:57,850 to the origin of life yeah it's 978 00:41:02,190 --> 00:40:59,890 estimated there's around about between 979 00:41:04,050 --> 00:41:02,200 one and ten percent of the crustal 980 00:41:07,070 --> 00:41:04,060 phosphorus was that one time Schreiber 981 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:07,080 site so it's not all of it but a 982 00:41:11,730 --> 00:41:09,010 substantial portion was probably at one 983 00:41:13,620 --> 00:41:11,740 time Schreiber site either and then you 984 00:41:16,470 --> 00:41:13,630 delivered during very early in the 985 00:41:21,420 --> 00:41:16,480 Earth's history or sometime later on so 986 00:41:23,160 --> 00:41:21,430 a lot of it Hilton all say is well known 987 00:41:27,570 --> 00:41:23,170 to struggle into manganese and iron 988 00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:27,580 oxide dark side on the reduced species 989 00:41:31,120 --> 00:41:28,610 there 990 00:41:33,370 --> 00:41:31,130 that's a good question I'm not certain 991 00:41:35,770 --> 00:41:33,380 offhand I haven't looked at it yet but 992 00:41:37,990 --> 00:41:35,780 it would be of interest to see how these 993 00:41:40,630 --> 00:41:38,000 compounds can be concentrated on either 994 00:41:43,390 --> 00:41:40,640 mineral surfaces or oxide layers as well 995 00:41:53,350 --> 00:41:43,400 it's a very interesting Avenue processor 996 00:41:56,050 --> 00:41:53,360 research pH and temperature dependence 997 00:41:58,330 --> 00:41:56,060 uh in terms of PA on what antalya 998 00:42:01,960 --> 00:41:58,340 billiton development in general der 999 00:42:03,700 --> 00:42:01,970 they're fairly soluble there are more 1000 00:42:06,190 --> 00:42:03,710 soluble as you increase the pH just like 1001 00:42:08,050 --> 00:42:06,200 phosphate they behave very similar to 1002 00:42:09,580 --> 00:42:08,060 phosphate in general so there if you 1003 00:42:12,310 --> 00:42:09,590 increase the pH you increase the 1004 00:42:14,170 --> 00:42:12,320 solubility as well as far as temperature 1005 00:42:16,540 --> 00:42:14,180 they behave fairly they're pretty much 1006 00:42:17,980 --> 00:42:16,550 in terms of thermodynamic properties 1007 00:42:19,570 --> 00:42:17,990 they're similar enough to phosphate it 1008 00:42:23,560 --> 00:42:19,580 you make a generalization for phosphate 1009 00:42:26,650 --> 00:42:23,570 same thing as well tom has some 1010 00:42:34,150 --> 00:42:26,660 questions from the ether and jen has 1011 00:42:39,190 --> 00:42:34,160 some questions hello like I just wanted 1012 00:42:42,550 --> 00:42:39,200 a fire if I one thing so during the 1013 00:42:45,340 --> 00:42:42,560 creation face a car is separated from 1014 00:42:48,990 --> 00:42:45,350 the rest of the earth where quickly and 1015 00:42:52,270 --> 00:42:49,000 in that precisely the phosphorus prefers 1016 00:42:57,760 --> 00:42:52,280 can they be dragged into the core more 1017 00:42:59,800 --> 00:42:57,770 efficiently in that case or not in 1018 00:43:02,410 --> 00:42:59,810 general phosphorus is a sitter file 1019 00:43:04,030 --> 00:43:02,420 element and it's if you do the mass 1020 00:43:06,370 --> 00:43:04,040 balance calculation around about 1021 00:43:08,380 --> 00:43:06,380 ninety-five percent phosphorus is 1022 00:43:10,390 --> 00:43:08,390 probably in the kursk or so it is 1023 00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:10,400 definitely a high temperature and will 1024 00:43:12,700 --> 00:43:11,690 be sucked into the court probably 1025 00:43:15,730 --> 00:43:12,710 preferentially during the 1026 00:43:18,310 --> 00:43:15,740 differentiation so the what's left over 1027 00:43:23,320 --> 00:43:18,320 can be distributed in the cross the 1028 00:43:25,720 --> 00:43:23,330 setter and they may resemble be the 1029 00:43:29,140 --> 00:43:25,730 included in to trust and eventually 1030 00:43:33,130 --> 00:43:29,150 going be available through when they 1031 00:43:36,280 --> 00:43:33,140 become sediments how does that mana 1032 00:43:41,670 --> 00:43:36,290 phosphors compelled to the meteorites 1033 00:43:44,199 --> 00:43:41,680 delivery after that during the day 1034 00:43:47,709 --> 00:43:44,209 well if you assume that about five 1035 00:43:49,089 --> 00:43:47,719 percent of the phosphorus survived to 1036 00:43:50,680 --> 00:43:49,099 make it into the mantle it becomes 1037 00:43:52,539 --> 00:43:50,690 phosphates at that point and it gets 1038 00:43:54,849 --> 00:43:52,549 mixed in with the silicates and the 1039 00:43:56,709 --> 00:43:54,859 majority of the crustal material but you 1040 00:44:00,400 --> 00:43:56,719 can imagine that this phosphate kind of 1041 00:44:03,219 --> 00:44:00,410 gets sort of spread throughout the earth 1042 00:44:05,199 --> 00:44:03,229 and if you do the whole balance it's 1043 00:44:06,849 --> 00:44:05,209 probably around about if you do the 1044 00:44:08,140 --> 00:44:06,859 amount of phosphorus in the crossing 1045 00:44:10,299 --> 00:44:08,150 compared to the amount of schreiber site 1046 00:44:11,890 --> 00:44:10,309 that's around but one to ten percent was 1047 00:44:13,269 --> 00:44:11,900 probably at one time Schreiber site but 1048 00:44:15,370 --> 00:44:13,279 if you do the whole mantle there's more 1049 00:44:17,589 --> 00:44:15,380 phosphorus in the mantle and it pens and 1050 00:44:19,150 --> 00:44:17,599 how much you can move out and move in in 1051 00:44:24,999 --> 00:44:19,160 the mantle it's probably on the order of 1052 00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:25,009 0 1 2001 to 10,000 as far as Schreiber 1053 00:44:34,479 --> 00:44:29,410 site total silicate phosphate phosphate 1054 00:44:38,499 --> 00:44:34,489 okay my last question if I may is there 1055 00:44:41,519 --> 00:44:38,509 any way that these are phosphors false 1056 00:44:43,989 --> 00:44:41,529 page in a cross that can become for 1057 00:44:49,299 --> 00:44:43,999 converted into reduce the format of 1058 00:44:51,489 --> 00:44:49,309 phosphorus during early Earth stay there 1059 00:44:54,099 --> 00:44:51,499 are very few ways of forming reduced 1060 00:44:56,859 --> 00:44:54,109 phosphorus on the early Earth but there 1061 00:44:58,989 --> 00:44:56,869 are a couple one you can use there's 1062 00:45:02,709 --> 00:44:58,999 some Schreiber site actually reported in 1063 00:45:05,049 --> 00:45:02,719 the sort of disco iron these disco 1064 00:45:07,569 --> 00:45:05,059 island iron deposits which are native 1065 00:45:08,979 --> 00:45:07,579 iron metal very unusual circumstance for 1066 00:45:12,609 --> 00:45:08,989 their formation what happened was 1067 00:45:14,589 --> 00:45:12,619 there's a coal bed and uh lava flowed 1068 00:45:18,099 --> 00:45:14,599 over it and the coal bed reduced all the 1069 00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:18,109 phosphorus and iron metal to iron our 1070 00:45:23,650 --> 00:45:21,410 I'm sorry ferric iron to iron metal and 1071 00:45:26,229 --> 00:45:23,660 schreiber site but that was a very 1072 00:45:29,199 --> 00:45:26,239 specific condition and probably not very 1073 00:45:34,089 --> 00:45:29,209 prevalent across the early Earth other 1074 00:45:35,380 --> 00:45:34,099 than that if you have water stable in or 1075 00:45:37,479 --> 00:45:35,390 if you take a look at the thermodynamics 1076 00:45:40,059 --> 00:45:37,489 of these species if you have water 1077 00:45:41,829 --> 00:45:40,069 present the phosphate is the most stable 1078 00:45:43,930 --> 00:45:41,839 phase relative to all these reduced 1079 00:45:46,299 --> 00:45:43,940 phosphorus so it seems like there's no 1080 00:45:51,969 --> 00:45:46,309 real way of reducing it beyond some very 1081 00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:51,979 unusual conditions thank you so Carnegie 1082 00:45:58,490 --> 00:45:53,310 has a question 1083 00:46:02,020 --> 00:45:58,500 oh hello could I ask I can understand as 1084 00:46:04,070 --> 00:46:02,030 a chemist how pulverized schreiber sighs 1085 00:46:06,470 --> 00:46:04,080 reacting with an organic in aqueous 1086 00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:06,480 media would produce phosphorylated 1087 00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:08,310 organics but do you have experiments 1088 00:46:14,480 --> 00:46:10,710 running in the background with massive 1089 00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:14,490 schreiber site slowly creo corroding in 1090 00:46:19,880 --> 00:46:17,310 quiescent conditions somewhere in your 1091 00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:19,890 lab that's a good question now we don't 1092 00:46:24,980 --> 00:46:22,110 have any large-scale samples just do too 1093 00:46:26,480 --> 00:46:24,990 in this case experimental difficulty but 1094 00:46:28,220 --> 00:46:26,490 the majority of the phosphorus may have 1095 00:46:31,250 --> 00:46:28,230 actually been distributed it's very fine 1096 00:46:34,370 --> 00:46:31,260 grain material either in the IDP form or 1097 00:46:36,950 --> 00:46:34,380 as sort of impact ejecta so it's if you 1098 00:46:38,870 --> 00:46:36,960 you can extrapolate we've had the 1099 00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:38,880 largest size review so far has been on 1100 00:46:44,780 --> 00:46:42,450 the order of a millimeter grain size 1101 00:46:46,850 --> 00:46:44,790 millimeter two portions of a centimeter 1102 00:46:48,620 --> 00:46:46,860 grain size so those are some of the 1103 00:46:50,900 --> 00:46:48,630 larger scale and they are very reactive 1104 00:46:53,090 --> 00:46:50,910 as well but if you take if you 1105 00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:53,100 extrapolate is not too far to go ahead 1106 00:46:57,650 --> 00:46:55,250 and assume that maybe perhaps these 1107 00:46:59,240 --> 00:46:57,660 small scale things were distributed 1108 00:47:03,140 --> 00:46:59,250 across the surface of the earth either 1109 00:47:10,990 --> 00:47:03,150 through various IDPs or impact ejecta in 1110 00:47:14,630 --> 00:47:11,000 this case any more question from here 1111 00:47:17,360 --> 00:47:14,640 Georgia calculated for us the flux of 1112 00:47:19,340 --> 00:47:17,370 phosphorus from here right have you made 1113 00:47:22,310 --> 00:47:19,350 the same calculation for the amount 1114 00:47:24,590 --> 00:47:22,320 emerging for hydrothermal vents sort of 1115 00:47:27,620 --> 00:47:24,600 dismiss that as a localized event right 1116 00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:27,630 tactic would be a flux over a period of 1117 00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:30,210 lazy years right whatever period of her 1118 00:47:33,750 --> 00:47:31,410 neighbors was 1119 00:47:36,180 --> 00:47:33,760 how does that compare the view already 1120 00:47:38,640 --> 00:47:36,190 there around about equal in the case of 1121 00:47:40,920 --> 00:47:38,650 hydrothermal phosphorus if you consider 1122 00:47:42,480 --> 00:47:40,930 over about a billion Peter period amount 1123 00:47:43,740 --> 00:47:42,490 of phosphorus gets cycled through it 1124 00:47:46,320 --> 00:47:43,750 surrounded by the equivalent amount of 1125 00:47:48,030 --> 00:47:46,330 phosphorus hours we've delivered to the 1126 00:47:49,740 --> 00:47:48,040 early Earth in a form of reduced 1127 00:47:53,250 --> 00:47:49,750 phosphorus from meteorites so they're 1128 00:47:55,890 --> 00:47:53,260 around there approximately equal as far 1129 00:47:59,040 --> 00:47:55,900 as total flux of phosphorus but it's 1130 00:48:03,630 --> 00:47:59,050 just question maybe of extending 1131 00:48:08,700 --> 00:48:03,640 globalization in that case Laura how 1132 00:48:11,670 --> 00:48:08,710 does the IDP flux in the earth that is 1133 00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:11,680 it is fairly well constrained up into a 1134 00:48:16,650 --> 00:48:14,170 runabout and 65 million years but beyond 1135 00:48:19,140 --> 00:48:16,660 that there's not too much that we have 1136 00:48:21,990 --> 00:48:19,150 as far as understanding what the flux of 1137 00:48:24,390 --> 00:48:22,000 ITV's was at this early stime but if you 1138 00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:24,400 assume that it most of the IDP a lot of 1139 00:48:27,240 --> 00:48:25,810 the ibps actually result from the 1140 00:48:29,370 --> 00:48:27,250 ablation of meteorites as they fall to 1141 00:48:31,230 --> 00:48:29,380 the surface of the earth a little bit 1142 00:48:33,240 --> 00:48:31,240 Center just kind of chunked off when the 1143 00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:33,250 meteorite loses ninety to ninety nine 1144 00:48:38,280 --> 00:48:36,130 percent of its mass so it's possible 1145 00:48:40,170 --> 00:48:38,290 that if you have this sort of increase 1146 00:48:42,440 --> 00:48:40,180 of flux from the late heavy bombardment 1147 00:48:45,150 --> 00:48:42,450 would have been an equivalent 1148 00:48:51,510 --> 00:48:45,160 substantial increase of flux of the IDPs 1149 00:48:54,540 --> 00:48:51,520 as well aim for the earlier dissolved in 1150 00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:54,550 an ocean right that's a good question 1151 00:48:58,800 --> 00:48:57,010 you can look at the paper in part but a 1152 00:49:00,390 --> 00:48:58,810 lot of it is from these lunar 1153 00:49:03,030 --> 00:49:00,400 calculations that we see the cratering 1154 00:49:04,920 --> 00:49:03,040 and the age dates of the Lunars the 1155 00:49:06,240 --> 00:49:04,930 lunar impacts as well and we see that 1156 00:49:08,190 --> 00:49:06,250 the clustering around about a certain 1157 00:49:11,609 --> 00:49:08,200 time there's dispute over all this but 1158 00:49:13,050 --> 00:49:11,619 the general idea is that there was a lot 1159 00:49:15,150 --> 00:49:13,060 of reduced phosphorus delivered during 1160 00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:15,160 this time period and if you do the 1161 00:49:20,609 --> 00:49:18,010 calculation based on that it even if you 1162 00:49:22,710 --> 00:49:20,619 have to spread it over several hundred 1163 00:49:24,630 --> 00:49:22,720 million years as opposed to just not 1164 00:49:28,970 --> 00:49:24,640 hundred then it might give similar 1165 00:49:31,790 --> 00:49:28,980 results as well Bruce 1166 00:49:33,950 --> 00:49:31,800 that overestimates how much phosphorus 1167 00:49:36,790 --> 00:49:33,960 is available for life the sense that 1168 00:49:39,140 --> 00:49:36,800 maybe nerd there's probably very rapid 1169 00:49:41,150 --> 00:49:39,150 recycling the crustal material into the 1170 00:49:43,099 --> 00:49:41,160 mantle and all that's really available 1171 00:49:46,460 --> 00:49:43,109 for life was that which was delivered 1172 00:49:47,780 --> 00:49:46,470 after the last sterilization it's 1173 00:49:49,520 --> 00:49:47,790 possible it depends on how much 1174 00:49:52,520 --> 00:49:49,530 recycling you get into the haiti and 1175 00:49:54,740 --> 00:49:52,530 earth i mean if you the late environment 1176 00:49:58,370 --> 00:49:54,750 is leaves about 3.8 billion years ago 1177 00:50:00,980 --> 00:49:58,380 and that sort of follow well well past 1178 00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:00,990 the differentiation period so the idea 1179 00:50:05,330 --> 00:50:03,510 and part is that you had may have had 1180 00:50:07,760 --> 00:50:05,340 sterilization events but they would 1181 00:50:09,109 --> 00:50:07,770 still have delivered at this inorganic 1182 00:50:10,940 --> 00:50:09,119 reduced phosphorus all across the 1183 00:50:12,440 --> 00:50:10,950 surface of the earth and it wouldn't 1184 00:50:14,990 --> 00:50:12,450 probably have had a large effect on 1185 00:50:24,920 --> 00:50:15,000 mixing it into this into the mantle 1186 00:50:26,870 --> 00:50:24,930 material or trust as well okay regards 1187 00:50:31,160 --> 00:50:26,880 your lab experiments am I correct in 1188 00:50:33,410 --> 00:50:31,170 assuming that you dissolve your 1189 00:50:36,680 --> 00:50:33,420 meteoritic material into the still-warm 1190 00:50:38,990 --> 00:50:36,690 yep what would happen if you dissolved 1191 00:50:42,200 --> 00:50:39,000 it into something or resembling an 1192 00:50:44,390 --> 00:50:42,210 oceanic we do have experiments with 1193 00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:44,400 calcium magnesium salts in roughly 1194 00:50:49,280 --> 00:50:46,890 oceanic conditions and all you see in 1195 00:50:52,940 --> 00:50:49,290 this case I don't have a slide here but 1196 00:50:54,890 --> 00:50:52,950 it's of you have only the soluble 1197 00:50:57,320 --> 00:50:54,900 reduced phosphorus being observed in 1198 00:50:58,880 --> 00:50:57,330 solution in that case so and the soluble 1199 00:51:01,970 --> 00:50:58,890 reduced phosphorus is in this case hypo 1200 00:51:03,890 --> 00:51:01,980 is a phosphite the ADA there the 1201 00:51:07,280 --> 00:51:03,900 phosphorus in a three plus oxidation 1202 00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:07,290 state you don't get the phosphate and 1203 00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:09,510 you don't get the hypo phosphate and you 1204 00:51:14,050 --> 00:51:11,010 don't get too much of the pyrophosphate 1205 00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:14,060 but you can get a lot of these others 1206 00:51:18,099 --> 00:51:17,010 locally concentrated if you imagine sort 1207 00:51:20,180 --> 00:51:18,109 of environments where they might have 1208 00:51:27,530 --> 00:51:20,190 concentrated the reduced phosphorus and 1209 00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:27,540 then reacted that as well what would be 1210 00:51:34,340 --> 00:51:31,170 how would have a basic and an acidic pH 1211 00:51:35,859 --> 00:51:34,350 the fact that there are two models out 1212 00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:35,869 there right word 1213 00:51:44,089 --> 00:51:42,510 very awkward position right the good 1214 00:51:46,819 --> 00:51:44,099 thing about these reactions is that they 1215 00:51:50,420 --> 00:51:46,829 do occur very similarly in under arrange 1216 00:51:52,789 --> 00:51:50,430 of conditions between about three ph of 1217 00:51:54,289 --> 00:51:52,799 three and a ph of 10 they get fairly 1218 00:51:56,150 --> 00:51:54,299 similar conditions as you start to get 1219 00:51:58,940 --> 00:51:56,160 more acidic you actually start producing 1220 00:52:00,799 --> 00:51:58,950 some phosphine gas which can throw in a 1221 00:52:02,710 --> 00:52:00,809 little bit of a monkey wrench into some 1222 00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:02,720 of these calculations but in general 1223 00:52:10,849 --> 00:52:06,210 under normal 3 to 10 it's very similar 1224 00:52:16,190 --> 00:52:10,859 reaction results that happen under these 1225 00:52:17,660 --> 00:52:16,200 sorts of conditions right now that's 1226 00:52:19,280 --> 00:52:17,670 another one of the possible ways of 1227 00:52:21,230 --> 00:52:19,290 reducing phosphorus is by the production 1228 00:52:23,539 --> 00:52:21,240 of hosstene for the question that we had 1229 00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:23,549 a little bit of all this make when we're 1230 00:52:28,549 --> 00:52:26,490 on Arden Gordon flies one of them took 1231 00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:28,559 the vector waves of earliest review 1232 00:52:38,870 --> 00:52:31,410 papers for the fighter he's brought a 1233 00:52:40,370 --> 00:52:38,880 life out of high rank carbon dioxide is 1234 00:52:43,370 --> 00:52:40,380 the other production of phosphate 1235 00:52:45,170 --> 00:52:43,380 occurring on highrise my knowledge that 1236 00:52:47,960 --> 00:52:45,180 hasn't really looked at experimental 1237 00:52:52,099 --> 00:52:47,970 just want to get your it would be under 1238 00:52:53,690 --> 00:52:52,109 Hydra provocation yeah well if you have 1239 00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:53,700 reduction of phosphate I'm trying to 1240 00:52:59,030 --> 00:52:56,010 think how he it'll did a lot of energy 1241 00:53:03,130 --> 00:52:59,040 being dumped in from I guess presumably 1242 00:53:15,049 --> 00:53:06,260 he's done the thermodynamic calculations 1243 00:53:20,099 --> 00:53:18,420 okay well if you have that some of the 1244 00:53:23,069 --> 00:53:20,109 other interesting things of the 1245 00:53:24,539 --> 00:53:23,079 meteorites is that a lot of the bring it 1246 00:53:28,079 --> 00:53:24,549 back is that a lot of these phosphites 1247 00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:28,089 actually surrounds sulfides and if you 1248 00:53:31,140 --> 00:53:29,710 want to kind of extrapolate there 1249 00:53:33,390 --> 00:53:31,150 perhaps there's a connection between the 1250 00:53:35,160 --> 00:53:33,400 sulfides and phosphorus in those 1251 00:53:38,309 --> 00:53:35,170 conditions and that's of course in a 1252 00:53:42,269 --> 00:53:38,319 meteorite parent body but if you had a 1253 00:53:43,410 --> 00:53:42,279 reduction of phosphorus on on sulfides I 1254 00:53:46,230 --> 00:53:43,420 had to take a look at that paper as well 1255 00:53:51,890 --> 00:53:46,240 as but it's very interesting possibility 1256 00:53:56,670 --> 00:53:51,900 there tom another question from LinkedIn 1257 00:54:00,210 --> 00:53:56,680 hi men in one of your slide you are you 1258 00:54:03,269 --> 00:54:00,220 mentioned that under UV radiation 1259 00:54:06,779 --> 00:54:03,279 phosphorus from meteorites from reduced 1260 00:54:11,370 --> 00:54:06,789 species I could you please see me 1261 00:54:13,799 --> 00:54:11,380 something more about this for example do 1262 00:54:17,539 --> 00:54:13,809 you mean that these of phosphors related 1263 00:54:19,769 --> 00:54:17,549 species becomes more reduced after 1264 00:54:24,120 --> 00:54:19,779 you'll be on them or something else 1265 00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:24,130 thank you okay a very good question this 1266 00:54:30,150 --> 00:54:27,910 is again what happens is under UV what 1267 00:54:32,089 --> 00:54:30,160 happened this is an experimental setup 1268 00:54:36,329 --> 00:54:32,099 what happened is they had the phosphide 1269 00:54:39,359 --> 00:54:36,339 in the water and then UV lamp right next 1270 00:54:41,730 --> 00:54:39,369 to it so it was very reducing conditions 1271 00:54:44,309 --> 00:54:41,740 where he formed a lot of h2 and it 1272 00:54:46,289 --> 00:54:44,319 probably forced this reaction taking the 1273 00:54:48,329 --> 00:54:46,299 what normally occurs in this case 1274 00:54:50,069 --> 00:54:48,339 probably the phosphite or a phosphite 1275 00:54:52,559 --> 00:54:50,079 radical and reduced it down to the 1276 00:54:54,720 --> 00:54:52,569 hypophosphite but it's definitely not 1277 00:54:58,589 --> 00:54:54,730 too clear as to what happened there and 1278 00:55:01,470 --> 00:54:58,599 it was a very low UV I think was around 1279 00:55:03,599 --> 00:55:01,480 mala I think it was 185 nanometers that 1280 00:55:08,430 --> 00:55:03,609 was able to do this but not the 260 1281 00:55:15,059 --> 00:55:08,440 nanometers so it was a very energetic UV 1282 00:55:17,670 --> 00:55:15,069 in this case okay if there are no 1283 00:55:19,670 --> 00:55:17,680 further questions anyone who would like 1284 00:55:27,420 --> 00:55:19,680 to go out to dinner with Matt and myself 1285 00:55:29,250 --> 00:55:27,430 tonight at six please see me in a moment 1286 00:55:31,200 --> 00:55:29,260 for those of you who don't want to go 1287 00:55:32,790 --> 00:55:31,210 out to dinner would pass tonight you